On Feb. 28, Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin shared a major update on account abstraction, a concept in development since 2016.
The new EIP-8141 aims to consolidate all prior proposals and address remaining limitations, introducing “Frame Transactions,” a structure that allows multiple calls within a single transaction.
These calls can communicate with each other’s data, decide who can send, and manage gas payments all at the protocol level.
This upgrade simplifies complex operations such as multi-signature transactions, quantum-safe signatures, and gas sponsorship.
It is now possible to deploy contracts, check operations, and perform many other actions in a single transaction. Paymaster contracts allow gas to be paid in other tokens, such as RAI, without the need for intermediaries.
The system is designed with decentralization in mind, so that transactions are possible even if the off-chain networks go down. Privacy is also enhanced, with features such as ZK-SNARK validation and 2D nonces.
Ethereum is also improving the speed at which things can scale by making block checks faster and gas usage more accurate.
The Glamsterdam upgrade introduces block-level access lists to enable parallel checks of transactions and ePBS, which provides safer time windows for validating blocks.
Gas pricing has been adjusted to reflect actual execution costs. Specifically, new state creation is now a distinct cost from execution, and larger contracts can now be deployed without exceeding the total gas limit.
For instance, SSTORE operations that introduce new state consume much more “state creation gas” than the usual updates, while the gas limit remains relatively unchanged.
Multidimensional gas ensures that various resources, such as execution, storage, and state creation, are limited by different gas limits, providing a much more scalable and efficient means of executing things.
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Looking forward, Ethereum is developing the use of ZK-EVM and blob data scaling. Blobs, which are already used in Layer 2 scaling solutions, will one day hold Ethereum block data so that blocks can be proven without having to download or re-execute every block.
PeerDAS ensures the data is accessible, and ZK-SNARKs offer cryptographic proof. The deployment of ZK-EVM will be done in phases. In 2026, attesters will be able to utilize ZK-EVM proofs, but this will be limited to 5% of the network.
By 2027, the network may propose the utilization of the proof at a higher level, allowing up to 20% of the nodes to utilize it. In the future, it may implement multi-proof verification to verify block validity.
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